458 F.3d 768
BAPTIST HEALTH, doing business as Baptist Memorial Medical
Center-North Little Rock, Appellant,
v.
Tommy G. THOMPSON, in his official capacity as Secretary, United States
Department of Health and Human Services, Appellee.
No. 05-4372.
Submitted: June 12, 2006.
Filed: August 15, 2006.
Dan M. Peterson, argued,
Jonathan H. Levy, argued,
Before SMITH, HEANEY and GRUENDER, Circuit Judges.
GRUENDER, Circuit Judge.
1
Baptist Memorial Medical Center-North Little Rock ("Baptist Memorial") challenges a decision by the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") denying, for Medicare reimbursement purposes, "approved educational activity" status for classroom costs incurred by Baptist Memorial in connection with its affiliation with a nursing school. The district court1 upheld the Secretary's decision. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm.
I. BACKGROUND
2
HHS administers the Medicare program, 42 U.S.C. § 1395 et
seq., through its component Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
("CMS"). The Secretary
contracts with fiscal intermediaries, such as Blue Cross/Blue Shield in the
instant case, to audit the costs submitted by Medicare provider hospitals and
approve or disapprove Medicare reimbursement. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395h; 42
C.F.R. § 405.902 (defining fiscal intermediary). A provider hospital may appeal
the reimbursement decision of the fiscal intermediary to HHS's
Provider Reimbursement Review Board ("PRRB"). 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo. The
PRRB's decision becomes the final decision of the
agency unless the Secretary,
on his own motion, decides to affirm, reverse or modify the decision.
3
Prior to 1983, all Medicare-eligible costs incurred by a
provider hospital were reimbursed on a "reasonable cost"
basis—essentially, each hospital's actual costs incurred were reimbursed
dollar-for-dollar so long as the Secretary
found the costs reasonable. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(b). In Title VI of the
Social Security Amendments of 1983, Pub.L. 98-21, 97
Stat. 65 (1983) ("PPS legislation"), Congress established the
Prospective Payment System ("PPS") as an incentive for hospitals to
reduce costs and operate more efficiently. See H.R.Rep.
No. 98-25, at 132 (1983), reprinted in 1983 U.S.C.C.A.N. 219, 351. Under
PPS, a provider hospital receives Medicare reimbursement at a flat rate for
each patient based on the patient's category of treatment.
4
Congress exempted a few costs from PPS, allowing continued reasonable-cost Medicare reimbursement under § 1395f(b) ("pass-through treatment") for, among other things, "approved educational activities." 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(a)(4). Congress did not define "approved educational activities" in the statute. The Secretary published a regulation stating that approved educational activities included neither "[c]linical training of students not enrolled in an approved education program operated by the provider," 42 C.F.R. § 413.85(d)(6) (1986) (emphasis added), nor "[o]ther activities that do not involve the actual operation of an approved education program," id. § 413.85(d)(7). During the notice-and-comment phase of the regulation's publication, the Secretary elaborated that "only the costs of those approved medical education programs operated directly by a hospital [are] excluded from [PPS]." 49 Fed.Reg. 234, 267 (Jan. 3, 1984) (emphasis added).2
5
In addition to costs for programs that would qualify as approved educational activities under 42 C.F.R. § 413.85, Congress established pass-through treatment for another category of educational-activity costs borne by provider hospitals in § 6205 of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 ("OBRA 1989"), Pub.L. 101-239, 103 Stat. 2106 (1989), extended in § 4004(b) of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ("OBRA 1990"), Pub.L. 101-508, 104 Stat. 1388 (1990). This pass-through treatment category includes only the costs of clinical nursing school programs conducted on the premises of, but not necessarily directly operated by, a provider hospital so long as certain conditions specified in OBRA 1990 are met.
6
In short, educational activities at a provider hospital that do not qualify for pass-through treatment under either 42 C.F.R. § 413.85 or OBRA 1990 are reimbursed as part of the flat-rate PPS payment for the hospital's normal operating costs. Pass-through treatment for educational activities is financially desirable for the provider hospital because the PPS payment for normal operating costs essentially depends only upon the number of patients discharged and their diagnoses, and does not directly compensate the costs of educational activities.3
7
Baptist Memorial is owned and operated by Baptist Health, Inc.,
a non-profit corporation that also owned and operated three other
Medicare-provider hospitals from 1991 to 1994. Baptist Health also owned and
operated Baptist School
of Nursing ("
8
After the institution of the PPS system, Baptist Health
allocated the costs of the
9
From 1991 to 1994 Baptist Memorial submitted its
10
Baptist Memorial sued for review of the agency's decision in
federal district court. The district court affirmed the Administrator's
decision, relying on the D.C. Circuit's resolution of a similar dispute in Community
Care Foundation v. Thompson, 318
F.3d 219 (D.C.Cir.2003). Baptist Memorial now appeals the denial of pass-through
treatment for the classroom costs associated with the
II. DISCUSSION
11
The final decision of the Secretary is reviewed under the Administrative Procedure Act ("APA"), 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq. 42 U.S.C. § 1395oo(f)(1) (incorporating the APA standard of review). "Under the APA, the Secretary's decision is `set aside if it is arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, unsupported by substantial evidence, or contrary to law.'" St. Luke's Methodist Hosp. v. Thompson, 315 F.3d 984, 987 (8th Cir.2003) (quoting Hennepin County Med. Ctr. v. Shalala, 81 F.3d 743, 748 (8th Cir.1996)); see also 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A), (E). "We review the district court's decision de novo, making our own independent review of the Secretary's decision under the APA." Shalala v. St. Paul-Ramsey Med. Ctr., 50 F.3d 522, 527 (8th Cir.1995).
12
A. The Secretary's Interpretation of the Statute
13
Baptist Memorial argues that it is arbitrary and capricious for the Secretary to interpret the statutory language "approved educational activity" to include a requirement that the provider hospital directly operate the educational program. The Chevron test determines whether the Secretary's rule is a permissible interpretation of the statute:
14
[W]e ask first whether "the intent of Congress is clear" as to "the precise question at issue." If, by "employing traditional tools of statutory construction," we determine that Congress' intent is clear, "that is the end of the matter." But "if the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency's answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute." If the agency's reading fills a gap or defines a term in a reasonable way in light of the Legislature's design, we give that reading controlling weight, even if it is not the answer "the court would have reached if the question initially had arisen in a judicial proceeding."
15
Regions Hosp. v. Shalala, 522 U.S. 448, 457, 118 S.Ct. 909, 139 L.Ed.2d 895 (1998) (citations omitted) (quoting Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842, 843 & n. 9, n. 11, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984)).
16
Under step one of the Chevron analysis, we determine whether the statute makes clear the intent of Congress as to the meaning of the term "approved educational activities." The statute does not expressly define the term, but Baptist Memorial contends that Congress implicitly adopted an existing definition from a pre-PPS Medicare regulation. The term "approved educational activities" was defined in Medicare regulations in 1966 as "formally organized or planned programs of study usually engaged in by providers in order to enhance the quality of patient care in an institution." 20 C.F.R. § 405.421 (1966). Prior to the establishment of the PPS system in 1983, the Secretary adopted the holding of a Seventh Circuit case, St. John's Hickey Memorial Hospital, Inc. v. Califano, 599 F.2d 803, 808-09 (7th Cir. 1979), which interpreted the regulation to mean that a provider hospital need only be "engaged in," rather than the "legal operator" of, an educational program for the program to meet the regulatory definition of an "approved educational activity."
17
In support of its argument that Congress intended to
incorporate the definition of "approved educational activities" from
20 C.F.R. § 405.421 (1966) into the 1983 PPS legislation, Baptist Memorial
cites Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Kentucky, Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 122 S.Ct. 681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002), and Bragdon
v. Abbott, 524 U.S. 624, 118
S.Ct. 2196, 141 L.Ed.2d 540 (1998), for the
proposition that "Congress' repetition of a well-established term carries
the implication that Congress intended the term to be construed in accordance
with pre-existing regulatory interpretations." Bragdon,
524
18
Toyota Motor and Bragdon
do not support the proposition that Congress implicitly intended to incorporate
the definition of "approved educational activities" from 20 C.F.R. §
405.421 (1966) into the PPS statutory scheme. First, the
19
We now proceed to step two of the Chevron analysis and
determine "whether the agency's [definition] is based on a permissible
construction of the statute." Regions Hosp., 522
20
We are also amending [20 C.F.R.] § 405.421 [later 42 C.F.R. § 413.85 (1986)] to clarify the definition of allowable costs for medical education, because certain medical education costs are excluded from payment under [PPS]. This was not necessary before, since all the costs were reimbursed on the same reasonable cost basis. However, under [PPS], failure to properly define those medical education costs, for which payment in addition to prospective payments is permitted, could result in unnecessary and inappropriate payments.
21
48 Fed.Reg. 39752, 39803 (Sep. 1, 1983).
22
Later, in response to comments on the proposed new regulation, the Secretary explained why a requirement of direct operation of the educational program by the provider hospital was necessary to implement Congress' Medicare goals:
23
Comment — A number of comments were received concerning whether the pass through of direct education costs is limited to only the costs of those approved medical education programs that a hospital directly operates itself. If this is the case, commenters were concerned that certain costs, such as the costs of clinical training for students enrolled in programs other than at the hospital, may not be excluded from the prospective payment system, but rather are considered to be normal operating costs. Response — We believe that only the costs of those approved medical education programs operated directly by a hospital be excluded from the prospective payment system. If a program is operated by another institution, such as a nearby college or university, [it] must be noted that by far the majority of the costs of that program are borne by that other institution, and not by the hospital. While it is true that the hospital may incur some costs associated with its provision of clinical training to students enrolled in a nearby institution, the hospital also gains in return.
24
For example, it obtains the services of the trainee (often at no direct cost to itself). We do not believe that this type of relationship was what Congress intended when it provided for a pass through of the costs of approved medical education programs. Rather, we believe that Congress was concerned with those programs that a hospital operates itself, and for which it incurs substantial direct costs.
25
We are revising § 405.421(d)(6) [later 42 C.F.R. § 413.85(d)(6) (1986)] to clarify that the costs of clinical training for students enrolled in programs, other than at the hospital, are normal operating costs.
49 Fed.Reg. 234, 267 (Jan. 3, 1984).7
26
The Secretary's
explanation of why a direct-operation requirement for "approved
educational activities" was necessary to implement Congress' goals for the
PPS legislation is eminently "reasonable ... in light of the Legislature's
design." Regions Hosp., 522
27
B. The PRRB's Conflicting Prior Interpretations
28
In three decisions8 announced between 1993 and 1997, involving cost years from 1987 to 1989, the PRRB analyzed "approved educational activities" under the St. John's Hickey "engaged in" standard, rather than the more strict direct-operation standard originally associated with 42 C.F.R. § 413.85(d)(6) (1986). The Secretary declined review of those decisions. Baptist Memorial argues that it is arbitrary and capricious for the Secretary now to change his interpretation and apply the direct-operation standard in this case.9 We disagree.
29
When we evaluate an agency's change of position,
30
the mere fact that an agency interpretation contradicts a prior agency position is not fatal. Sudden and unexplained change or change that does not take account of legitimate reliance on prior interpretation may be arbitrary, capricious or an abuse of discretion. But if these pitfalls are avoided, change is not invalidating, since the whole point of Chevron is to leave the discretion provided by the ambiguities of a statute with the implementing agency.
31
Smiley v. Citibank (S.D.), N.A., 517 U.S. 735, 742, 116 S.Ct. 1730, 135 L.Ed.2d 25 (1996) (internal citations and quotations omitted).
32
Baptist Memorial argues that "[w]here an agency applies
different standards to similarly situated entities and fails to support this
disparate treatment with a reasoned explanation and substantial evidence in the
record, its action is arbitrary and capricious and cannot be upheld." Burlington
N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. Surface Transp. Bd., 403 F.3d 771, 777 (D.C.Cir. 2005). Our closest case on point is SSM
Rehabilitation Institute v. Shalala, 68 F.3d 266 (8th Cir.1995). In that
case, to determine whether the Secretary's
application of a regulation to SSM was an arbitrary change of position, we
relied on contemporaneous decisions of the PRRB that applied the same
regulation.
33
More generally, we do not find the Secretary's
decision to apply the direct-operation requirement after the three earlier PRRB
decisions to be "sudden and unexplained." Smiley, 517
34
Neither is the Secretary's
decision contrary to "legitimate reliance on prior interpretation" in
the PRRB decisions. Smiley, 517 U.S. at 742, 116 S.Ct.
1730 (citing United States v. Penn. Indus. Chem. Corp., 411 U.S. 655, 670-675, 93 S.Ct. 1804, 36 L.Ed.2d 567 (1973) and NLRB v. Bell
Aerospace Co., 416 U.S. 267,
295, 94 S.Ct. 1757, 40 L.Ed.2d 134 (1974)).
Legitimate reliance on prior administrative decisions can be shown where
"some new liability is sought to be imposed on individuals for past
actions which were taken in good-faith reliance on [agency] pronouncements."
35
We conclude that it is not arbitrary and capricious for the Secretary to apply the direct-operation standard in this case.
36
C. Application of the Direct-Operation Standard
37
We review the Secretary's
decision, made under the direct-operation standard, that Baptist Memorial's
classroom costs associated with the Nursing School do not qualify for
pass-through treatment to determine if it is supported by substantial evidence
in the record as a whole. Flanery v. Chater, 112 F.3d 346, 349 (8th Cir.1997).
We find that substantial evidence supports the Secretary's
finding that Baptist Memorial was not the operator of the
38
Baptist Memorial does not challenge the Secretary's
findings that "[t]he responsibilities associated with the operation of a
nursing program reside with the School of Nursing, not the
Provider" and "the costs at issue were not directly incurred by the
Provider, but rather were allocated to the Provider." Instead, Baptist
Memorial contends that the
39
In short, the Medicare reimbursement system is based on the costs incurred by individual provider hospitals, without regard to underlying ownership structure. Indeed, if Baptist Memorial's common-ownership reimbursement theory were accurate, there would be no need for each of the four hospitals owned and operated by Baptist Health to have separate Medicare provider numbers. We conclude that substantial evidence supports the Secretary's finding that Baptist Memorial was not the operator of the educational activity.
III. CONCLUSION
40
We hold that the direct-operation requirement is a permissible interpretation of "approved educational activities" and that it does not represent an arbitrary change from the Secretary's prior interpretation. We also hold that substantial evidence supports the Secretary's finding that Baptist Memorial was not the operator of the educational activity. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.
Notes:
1
The Honorable William R. Wilson, Jr., United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Arkansas
2
The Secretary later promulgated a new version of the regulation which expressly includes the requirement of direct operation by the hospitalSee 42 C.F.R. § 413.85(c)(1), (f) (2001). This version became final in 2001 and is therefore inapplicable to the instant case. The Secretary made the change to "clarify" the previous version of the regulation at issue here. 66 Fed.Reg. 3358, 3361 (Jan. 12, 2001).
3
Baptist Memorial asserts that PPS reimbursement for educational activities is actually no reimbursement at all because a provider hospital with educational activities not qualifying for pass-through treatment would receive the same flat-rate PPS payment as an identical provider hospital with no educational activities whatsoever. In making this assertion, Baptist Memorial apparently assumes that such educational activities would have no financially beneficial indirect effects on the operation of the hospital. The record on this issue is not sufficient to allow us to determine whether the assumption is a valid one, and in any event resolution of the issue would have no effect on the outcome of this appeal
4
Baptist Memorial then attempted to
further allocate the costs among the remaining hospitals, but the fiscal
intermediary reclassified those costs. Therefore, only Baptist Memorial was
reimbursed for
5
The
(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of such individual;
(B) a record of such an impairment; or
(C) being regarded as having such an impairment.
42 U.S.C. § 12102(2).
6
Baptist Memorial also echoes an argument made, and rejected, inCommunity Care that a lone comment in the legislative history of the PPS legislation proves unambiguously that Congress meant to incorporate the earlier regulatory definition. See H.R.Rep. No. 98-25 at 140 (1983), reprinted in 1983 U.S.C.C.A.N. 219, 359 (stating that "approved education programs (as defined in current regulation, including nursing education programs) would continue to be paid on the basis of reasonable cost"). However, as the D.C. Circuit aptly noted in regard to this argument, "reviewing legislative history is like `looking over a crowd and picking out your friends,'" and one "friend" in a crowd as large as this one is insufficient to demonstrate unambiguous Congressional intent. Cmty. Care, 318 F.3d at 226 (quoting Wald, Some Observations on the Use of Legislative History in the 1981 Supreme Court Term, 68 Iowa L.Rev. 195, 214 (1983) (quoting Leventhal, J.)).
7
Baptist Memorial argues that the specific reference to "clinical training" indicates that the direct-operation requirement was only intended to apply to clinical costs, not classroom costs. However, the reference to "clinical training" occurs in response to some specific concerns raised by commenters. The first sentence of the response indicates that the regulation requires thatall "approved medical education programs," not just clinical training programs, be "operated directly by a hospital." 49 Fed.Reg. 234, 267 (Jan. 3, 1984).
8
The three PRRB
decisions areSt. Mary's Med.
Ctr. v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield, PRRB No. 97-D82 (July 15, 1997);
9
As a corollary, Baptist Memorial argues that the change in position violates Medicare rule-change procedures in 42 U.S.C. § 1395hh(a)(2) ("No rule, requirement, or other statement of policy ... that establishes or changes a substantive legal standard governing ... payment for services ... shall take effect unless it is promulgated by the Secretary by regulation ...."). However, we agree with the courts that have held that this provision imposes no standards greater than those established by the APA,See, e.g., Erringer v. Thompson, 371 F.3d 625, 633 (9th Cir.2004) (rejecting an argument that § 1395hh(a)(2) "creates a requirement for promulgation by regulation broader than that of the APA"). Therefore, our analysis under the APA applies also to Baptist Memorial's § 1395hh(a)(2) argument.
10
Baptist Memorial also argues that it relied on the Secretary's Provider Reimbursement Manual ("PRM"), which as late as 1995 continued to state that non-provider-operated educational activities meeting the "engaged in" test were eligible for pass-through treatment. However, "[t]he PRM, while a useful guide to interpreting the Medicare statute and regulations, is not strictly binding on the Secretary."Paragon Health Network, Inc. v. Thompson, 251 F.3d 1141, 1147 (7th Cir.2001). Reliance on the PRM would not have been reasonable in light of the direct communication from HHS in August 1990 asserting that the direct-operation requirement contained in the regulations would be applied.
41
HEANEY, Circuit Judge, dissenting.
42
I concur in the majority's holding that the Secretary was entitled to limit pass-through reimbursement for clinical or classroom costs to those programs that were directly operated by the hospital. I respectfully dissent, however, from that portion of the opinion that holds that Baptist Health, through its subsidiary Baptist Memorial, does not qualify for such reimbursement.
43
Baptist Health is a single corporation. It owns and operates both Baptist Memorial and the Baptist School of Nursing. Baptist Memorial does not maintain its own board of trustees or have separate corporate officers. It does not operate independently whatsoever; it is merely a wing of Baptist Health. Likewise, Baptist Health's board of trustees controls the operations of the nursing school, and Baptist Health holds the nursing school's license. Baptist Health has but one tax identification number, shared by all of its subsidiaries.
44
Given the above evidence, I cannot agree that Baptist Memorial is a separate entity from Baptist School of Nursing. Baptist Health owns both. In my view, the direct link between the two provided by their common ownership and operation qualifies Baptist Memorial as a direct provider of the nursing program. Indeed, the two subsidiaries appear to have believed as much: when Baptist Memorial agreed to host the nursing school's programs, it did so through a memorandum of agreement rather than a contract, since the signatories for each subsidiary would have been the same. Thus, although I agree that we accord the Secretary's findings deference, substantial evidence simply does not support the view that the nursing program was not provider operated.